Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population Export
by: Jason A. Greenbaum, Maya F. Kotturi, Yohan Kim, Carla Oseroff, Kerrie Vaughan, Nima Salimi, Randi Vita, Julia Ponomarenko, Richard H. Scheuermann, Alessandro Sette, Bjoern Peters
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20365-20370.
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10.1073/pnas.0911580106 A major concern about the ongoing swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus (S-OIV) outbreak is that the virus may be so different from seasonal H1N1 that little immune protection exists in the human population. In this study, we examined the molecular basis for pre-existing immunity against S-OIV, namely the recognition of viral immune epitopes by T cells or B cells/antibodies that have been previously primed by circulating influenza strains. Using data from the Immune Epitope Database, we found that only 31% (8/26) of B-cell epitopes present in recently circulating H1N1 strains are conserved in the S-OIV, with only 17% (1/6) conserved in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins. In contrast, 69% (54/78) of the epitopes recognized by CD8 T cells are completely invariant. We further demonstrate experimentally that some memory T-cell immunity against S-OIV is present in the adult population and that such memory is of similar magnitude as the pre-existing memory against seasonal H1N1 influenza. Because protection from infection is antibody mediated, a new vaccine based on the specific S-OIV HA and NA proteins is likely to be required to prevent infection. However, T cells are known to blunt disease severity. Therefore, the conservation of a large fraction of T-cell epitopes suggests that the severity of an S-OIV infection, as far as it is determined by susceptibility of the virus to immune attack, would not differ much from that of seasonal flu. These results are consistent with reports about disease incidence, severity, and mortality rates associated with human S-OIV.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
Dengue Virus
Protection against dengue virus by non-replicating and live attenuated vaccines used together in a prime boost vaccination strategy [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 396, No. 2. (20 January 2010), pp. 280-288.
by Monika Simmons,, Timothy Burgess,, Julia Lynch,, Robert Putnak,
posted to vaccine neutralization flavivirus by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:40:55 as
An adenosine nucleoside inhibitor of dengue virus [My Copy]
In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20435-20439.
by Zheng Yin, Yen-Liang Chen, Wouter Schul, et al.Qing-Yin Wang, Feng Gu, Jeyaraj Duraiswamy, Ravinder R. Kondreddi, Pornwaratt Niyomrattanakit, Suresh B. Lakshminarayana, Anne Goh, Hao Y. Xu, Wei Liu, Boping Liu, Joanne Y. H. Lim, Chuan Y. Ng, Min Qing, Chin C. Lim, Andy Yip, Gang Wang, Wai L. Chan, Hui P. Tan, Kai Lin, Bo Zhang, Gang Zou, Kristen A. Bernard, Christine Garrett, Karen Beltz, Min Dong, Margaret Weaver, Handan He, Arkadius Pichota, Veronique Dartois, Thomas H. Keller, Pei-Yong Shi
posted to flavivirus drug by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:38:22 as
Design and construction of diverse mammalian prion strains [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20417-20422.
by David W. Colby, Kurt Giles, Giuseppe Legname, et al.Holger Wille, Ilia V. Baskakov, Stephen J. DeArmond, Stanley B. Prusiner
posted to prion pathogenesis by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:33:48 as along with 1 person applebyb
Necrotic cells trigger a sterile inflammatory response through the Nlrp3 inflammasome [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20388-20393.
by Shankar S. Iyer, Wilco P. Pulskens, Jeffrey J. Sadler, et al.Loes M. Butter, Gwendoline J. Teske, Tyler K. Ulland, Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, Sandrine Florquin, Richard A. Flavell, Jaklien C. Leemans, Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:31:28 as along with 1 person gbloeb
Different cross-presentation pathways in steady-state and inflammatory dendritic cells [My Copy]
In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20377-20381.
by Elodie Segura, Anthony L. Albiston, Ian P. Wicks, Siew Y. Chai, José A. Villadangos
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:28:17 as
Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20365-20370.
by Jason A. Greenbaum, Maya F. Kotturi, Yohan Kim, et al.Carla Oseroff, Kerrie Vaughan, Nima Salimi, Randi Vita, Julia Ponomarenko, Richard H. Scheuermann, Alessandro Sette, Bjoern Peters
posted to pathogenesis neutralization influenza by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:23:59 as along with 1 person VGreiff
Role of HIV membrane in neutralization by two broadly neutralizing antibodies [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20234-20239.
by S. Munir Alam, Marco Morelli, S. Moses Dennison, et al.Hua-Xin Liao, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Li Sun, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Bing Chen
posted to neutralization hiv by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:21:49 as along with 2 people friendpine agrossfield
Transcription factors mediate long-range enhancerâpromoter interactions [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20222-20227.
by Ilias K. Nolis, Daniel J. McKay, Eva Mantouvalou, Stavros Lomvardas, Menie Merika, Dimitris Thanos
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:20:06 as along with 1 person and 1 group friendpine Journal picks
Fibril Fragmentation Enhances Amyloid Cytotoxicity [My Copy]
Journal of Biological Chemistry In Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 284, No. 49. (4 December 2009), pp. 34272-34282.
by Wei-Feng Xue, Andrew L. Hellewell, Walraj S. Gosal, Steve W. Homans, Eric W. Hewitt, Sheena E. Radford
posted to prion pathogenesis by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:12:09 as along with 2 people alexknight chiufanlee
Nipah virus entry can occur by macropinocytosis [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 395, No. 2. (20 December 2009), pp. 298-311.
by Olivier Pernet,, Christine Pohl,, Michelle Ainouze,, Hasan Kweder,, Robin Buckland,
posted to macropinocytosis entry by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-03 18:09:49 as
Quantifying the relationship between HIV-1 susceptibility to CCR5 antagonists and virus affinity for antagonist-occupied co-receptor [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 395, No. 2. (20 December 2009), pp. 268-279.
by Peter .. Buontempo,, Lisa Wojcik,, Catherine .. Buontempo,, et al.Robert .. Ogert,, Julie .. Strizki,, John .. Howe,, Robert Ralston,
posted to neutralization hiv entry by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-03 18:08:29 as
One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 344, No. 1. (05 January 2006), pp. 9-16.
Virology, Vol. 396, No. 2. (20 January 2010), pp. 280-288.
by Monika Simmons,, Timothy Burgess,, Julia Lynch,, Robert Putnak,
posted to vaccine neutralization flavivirus by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:40:55 as
An adenosine nucleoside inhibitor of dengue virus [My Copy]
In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20435-20439.
by Zheng Yin, Yen-Liang Chen, Wouter Schul, et al.Qing-Yin Wang, Feng Gu, Jeyaraj Duraiswamy, Ravinder R. Kondreddi, Pornwaratt Niyomrattanakit, Suresh B. Lakshminarayana, Anne Goh, Hao Y. Xu, Wei Liu, Boping Liu, Joanne Y. H. Lim, Chuan Y. Ng, Min Qing, Chin C. Lim, Andy Yip, Gang Wang, Wai L. Chan, Hui P. Tan, Kai Lin, Bo Zhang, Gang Zou, Kristen A. Bernard, Christine Garrett, Karen Beltz, Min Dong, Margaret Weaver, Handan He, Arkadius Pichota, Veronique Dartois, Thomas H. Keller, Pei-Yong Shi
posted to flavivirus drug by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:38:22 as
Design and construction of diverse mammalian prion strains [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20417-20422.
by David W. Colby, Kurt Giles, Giuseppe Legname, et al.Holger Wille, Ilia V. Baskakov, Stephen J. DeArmond, Stanley B. Prusiner
posted to prion pathogenesis by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:33:48 as along with 1 person applebyb
Necrotic cells trigger a sterile inflammatory response through the Nlrp3 inflammasome [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20388-20393.
by Shankar S. Iyer, Wilco P. Pulskens, Jeffrey J. Sadler, et al.Loes M. Butter, Gwendoline J. Teske, Tyler K. Ulland, Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, Sandrine Florquin, Richard A. Flavell, Jaklien C. Leemans, Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:31:28 as along with 1 person gbloeb
Different cross-presentation pathways in steady-state and inflammatory dendritic cells [My Copy]
In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20377-20381.
by Elodie Segura, Anthony L. Albiston, Ian P. Wicks, Siew Y. Chai, José A. Villadangos
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:28:17 as
Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20365-20370.
by Jason A. Greenbaum, Maya F. Kotturi, Yohan Kim, et al.Carla Oseroff, Kerrie Vaughan, Nima Salimi, Randi Vita, Julia Ponomarenko, Richard H. Scheuermann, Alessandro Sette, Bjoern Peters
posted to pathogenesis neutralization influenza by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:23:59 as along with 1 person VGreiff
Role of HIV membrane in neutralization by two broadly neutralizing antibodies [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20234-20239.
by S. Munir Alam, Marco Morelli, S. Moses Dennison, et al.Hua-Xin Liao, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Li Sun, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Bing Chen
posted to neutralization hiv by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:21:49 as along with 2 people friendpine agrossfield
Transcription factors mediate long-range enhancerâpromoter interactions [My Copy]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, No. 48. (1 December 2009), pp. 20222-20227.
by Ilias K. Nolis, Daniel J. McKay, Eva Mantouvalou, Stavros Lomvardas, Menie Merika, Dimitris Thanos
posted to no-tag by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:20:06 as along with 1 person and 1 group friendpine Journal picks
Fibril Fragmentation Enhances Amyloid Cytotoxicity [My Copy]
Journal of Biological Chemistry In Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 284, No. 49. (4 December 2009), pp. 34272-34282.
by Wei-Feng Xue, Andrew L. Hellewell, Walraj S. Gosal, Steve W. Homans, Eric W. Hewitt, Sheena E. Radford
posted to prion pathogenesis by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-06 10:12:09 as along with 2 people alexknight chiufanlee
Nipah virus entry can occur by macropinocytosis [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 395, No. 2. (20 December 2009), pp. 298-311.
by Olivier Pernet,, Christine Pohl,, Michelle Ainouze,, Hasan Kweder,, Robin Buckland,
posted to macropinocytosis entry by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-03 18:09:49 as
Quantifying the relationship between HIV-1 susceptibility to CCR5 antagonists and virus affinity for antagonist-occupied co-receptor [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 395, No. 2. (20 December 2009), pp. 268-279.
by Peter .. Buontempo,, Lisa Wojcik,, Catherine .. Buontempo,, et al.Robert .. Ogert,, Julie .. Strizki,, John .. Howe,, Robert Ralston,
posted to neutralization hiv entry by wsjames to the group Oxford Virology on 2009-12-03 18:08:29 as
One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis [My Copy]
Virology, Vol. 344, No. 1. (05 January 2006), pp. 9-16.
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Earlier studies have suggested an association between breast cancer aggressiveness and the presence of viral sequences resembling mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). This study was to determine if inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) in the United States had a higher proportion of cases with these viral sequences than non-IBC patients and...
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Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B in Adults: Focus on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (17/Sep/2009)
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Introductory Editorial (Advances in Tumor Virology) (14/Aug/2009)
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HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression (14/Jul/2008)
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Functionality of Chimeric E2 Glycoproteins of BVDV and CSFV in Virus Replication (19/Mar/2008)
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Full-text PDF
A Review on the Use of Eltrombopag in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease (13/Oct/2009)
Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological abnormality in patients with chronic, advanced liver disease. In these patients, the presence of severe thrombocytopenia is an obstacle to the performance of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and the current standard treatment for these patients is platelet transfusions, a remedy whose characteristics are...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B in Adults: Focus on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (17/Sep/2009)
Treatment for hepatitis B (HBV), a global disease affecting over 400 million persons, has changed over the past 15 years. Many of the current treatments are oral therapies which suppress HBV viral load and improve liver-related outcomes. However, differences exist in the currently available therapies both in terms of potency...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B with Entecavir (31/Mar/2009)
Emilio PalumboClinic of Paediatric, Hospital of Sondrio, Italy.AbstractActually three nucleotide/nucleoside analogues are used for chronic hepatitis B: lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and telbivudine. Lamivudine and adefovir are advantageous for oral administration and safety, but they induce a sustained response after withdrawal of therapy in only a minority of patients. Telbivudine...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
A review of the use of telbivudine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (30/Mar/2009)
Prista Charuworn and Emmet B. KeeffeDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, U.S.A.AbstractChronic hepatitis B is a major global health problem. Fortunately there are currently a number of agents licensed in most countries to treat chronic hepatitis B, including the oral nucleos(t)ide agents...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Generation of BKV-Specific T Cells for Adoptive Therapy Against BKV Nephropathy (02/Dec/2008)
Jongming Li1, Bijoyesh Mookerjee2, Priya Singh1 and John L Wagner1 1Department of Medical Oncology, 1024 Curtis Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., 19107. 21800 Concord Pike, AstraZeneca PLC, Wilmington, DE 19850–5437. Abstract Nephropathy associated with BK virus has emerged as an important cause...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
A Case Report of Hepatitis E Infection Leading to Acute Liver Failure and Transplantation (02/Dec/2008)
P. Paskaran1, A.U. Murugananthan2, V. Manglam1, J. Arnold2 and A. Pal1 1Department of Gastroenterology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, London. 2Imperial College School of Medicine, London. Abstract Historically, Hepatitis E infection has been thought to follow a benign clinical course. We report a case of Acute Hepatitis E...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Characterization of Non-Conserved HLA-A*0201 Binding T cell Epitopes of JC Virus T Antigen (09/Sep/2008)
Jongming Li1, John L. Wagner1 and Bijoyesh Mookerjee2 1Department of Medical Oncology, 1024 Curtis Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. 21800 Concord Pike, AstraZeneca PLC, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437. Abstract JC virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are associated with a favorable outcome in patients...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Evolution of the G+C Content Frontier in the Rat Cytomegalovirus Genome (09/Sep/2008)
Derek Gatherer MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow, G11 5JR, UK Abstract Within the 230138 bp of the rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) genome, the G+C content changes abruptly at position 142644, constituting a G+C content frontier. To the left of this...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Introductory Editorial (Advances in Tumor Virology) (14/Aug/2009)
Frank J. Jenkins Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Successful Management of Multifactorial Colitis in a Recipient of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Case Report (29/Jul/2008)
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Abstract
Full-text PDF
HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression (14/Jul/2008)
Tasha Biesinger and Jason T. Kimata Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. U.S.A. Abstract Upon transmission, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes infection of the lymphatic reservoir, leading to profound depletion of the memory CD4+T cell population despite the...
Abstract
Full-text PDF
KSHV Latency in Transformed B-cells: The Role of LANA1 as a Therapeutic Target (17/Jun/2008)
Sofia Corte-Real, Lídia Fonseca and Joao Goncalves URIA-Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract
Full-text PDF
Functionality of Chimeric E2 Glycoproteins of BVDV and CSFV in Virus Replication (19/Mar/2008)
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Abstract
Full-text PDF
Identification of Rotavirus VP6-Specific CD4+ T Cell Epitopes in a G1P[8] Human Rotavirus-Infected Rhesus Macaque (03/Mar/2008)
Wei Zhao1, Bapi Pahar1,2 and Karol Sestak1,2 1Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, U.S.A. 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. Abstract A non-human primate model was used to evaluate its potential for identification of rotavirus viral protein 6 (VP6)...
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An Evidence-Based Approach to Plum Pox Virus Detection by DASI-ELISA and RT-PCR in Dormant Period (10/Feb/2008)
Antonio Olmos, Edson Bertolini, Nieves Capote, Mariano Cambra Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Carretera Moncada a Náquera km 5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Abstract An evidence-based approach, such as those developed in clinical and veterinary medicine, was applied to the detection...
Abstract
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Oncolytic Viruses: Do They Have a Role in Anti-Cancer Therapy? (09/Feb/2008)
1Robin J Prestwich, 1Fiona Errington, 2,3Kevin J. Harrington, 4Hardev S. Pandha, 1Peter Selby and 1Alan Melcher 1Cancer Research UK, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. 2Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK. Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories,...
Abstract
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Evolution of the Influenza A Virus: Some New Advances (30/Jan/2008)
Raul Rabadan1 and Harlan Robins2 1Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Dr., Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A. 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A. Abstract Influenza is an RNA virus that causes mild to severe respiratory symptoms in humans and other hosts. Every year approximately half a million...
Abstract
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Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Maturation and Budding (17/Sep/2007)
Johanna Wapling1,2, Seema Srivastava1, Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga3,4 and Gilda Tachedjian1,2,3 1Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia. 2Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. 3Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia. 4Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria...
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Lead Optimization in Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics/Case study: The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Protease Inhibitor SCH 503034 (26/Jun/2007)
K.-C. Cheng1, Walter A. Korfmacher1, Ronald E. White1 and F. George Njoroge2 1Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 2Chemistry Department Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 U.S.A.Abstract: Lead optimization using drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) parameters has become one of the primary focuses of research organizations...
Abstract
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Cyclophilin and Viruses: Cyclophilin as a Cofactor for Viral Infection and Possible Anti-Viral Target (14/Feb/2007)
Koichi Watashi and Kunitada ShimotohnoDepartment of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.Abstract: Cyclophilin (CyP) is a peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase, catalyzing the cis-trans isomerization of proline residues in proteins. CyP plays key roles in several different aspects of cellular physiology including the immune response, transcription, mitochondrial...
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VECTOR Biology
Vector (biology)
Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. Species of mosquito, for example, serve ... > full story
Transmission (medicine)
In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. In order to survive, microorganisms that require ... > full story
Epstein-Barr virus
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus), and is one of the most common viruses ... > full story
Pathogen
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or ... > full story
Vector (biology)
Transmission (medicine)
Epstein-Barr virus
Pathogen
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Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. Species of mosquito, for example, serve ... > full story
Transmission (medicine)
In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. In order to survive, microorganisms that require ... > full story
Epstein-Barr virus
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus), and is one of the most common viruses ... > full story
Pathogen
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or ... > full story
Vector (biology)
Transmission (medicine)
Epstein-Barr virus
Pathogen
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Virolgy
Genetic analyses of viral samples from 74 laboratory confirmed measles cases occurring in Taiwan during 1992-2008 identified six viral genotypes D3, D5, D9, G2, H1 and H2. The most frequently detected genotype, H1, was associated with outbreaks in 1994 and 2002, and was the likely indigenous genotype in 1992. In response to the outbreaks, two catch-up campaigns were launched and a routine second dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine at entry to elementary school was introduced. The vaccination campaigns successfully reduced the number of measles cases in Taiwan, and many of the more recent cases can be traced to importations, primarily from other Asian countries. A number of measles genotypes which were associated with outbreaks in other Asian countries were detected among the more recent cases. The more recent genotype H1 viruses had sequences that were identical to those currently circulating in China or associated with international importation of virus.
Molecular evolution of measles viruses circulated in Taiwan 1992-2008
Genetic analyses of viral samples from 74 laboratory confirmed measles cases occurring in Taiwan during 1992-2008 identified six viral genotypes D3, D5, D9, G2, H1 and H2. The most frequently detected genotype, H1, was associated with outbreaks in 1994 and 2002, and was the likely indigenous genotype in 1992. In response to the outbreaks, two catch-up campaigns were launched and a routine second dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine at entry to elementary school was introduced. The vaccination campaigns successfully reduced the number of measles cases in Taiwan, and many of the more recent cases can be traced to importations, primarily from other Asian countries. A number of measles genotypes which were associated with outbreaks in other Asian countries were detected among the more recent cases. The more recent genotype H1 viruses had sequences that were identical to those currently circulating in China or associated with international importation of virus.
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